Paul von Hindenburg. Culver Pictures The political deadlock continued, however, and in December 1932 Hindenburg set aside Papen and replaced him with Gen. Papen, who retained some power and influence as a vice-chancellor, persuaded Hindenburg to bring Hitler into the government, thereby creating a coalition with a majority in the Reichstag. Having thus attained his goal of reaching the chancellorship legally, Hitler took office on January 30, 1933. The democratic interlude of the Weimar Republic was effectively at an end. Hitler, Adolf Adolf Hitler addressing a rally in Germany, c. Dpa dena/picture-alliance/dpa/AP Images The and the Nazi revolution On the night of February 27, the Reichstag building was.

They were declared citizens of the Third Reich by law and therefore. Weltkrieg' pp.138. Series The German Reich and the Second World War.

On the pretext of a Communist plot to seize power, the guarantees of were suspended and the Reich government given emergency powers. It was in this atmosphere of fear and insecurity that the elections were held a week later. Nevertheless, the Nazis failed to secure an outright majority, capturing 288 of 647 seats, and both the Centre Party and the Social Democrats held firm. It was only with the help of his Nationalist partners, who won 52 seats, that Hitler was able to obtain a bare majority. Reichstag fire An investigation into who caused the Reichstag fire. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz Hitler’s next step was to secure the passage of an Enabling Act, which would give the government the power to issue decrees independently of the Reichstag and of the president. Passage required a two-thirds majority in the Reichstag.

The 81 Communist deputies were either arrested or excluded. The support of the Nationalists and of the Centre Party (73 seats) was obtained by and promises, and the Social Democrats who alone opposed the bill (March 23) were outvoted 441 to 94. The Enabling Act remained the constitutional basis of Hitler’s. No new constitution was ever introduced to replace that of the Weimar Republic, and fresh laws were as they were required.

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Thus was the legal foundation of the Third Reich created. Night of the Long Knives: newspaper coverage Article about the Night of the Long Knives on the front page of the Pennsylvanian newspaper The Bethlehem Globe-Times, July 2, 1934.

Timothy Hughes Rare and Early Newspapers The crisis of June 1934 was the turning point of the regime. Although the army leaders congratulated themselves on the outcome, it was Hitler who, after a period of hesitation, had triumphantly reasserted his authority. Forced to choose, he had struck at the radicals and repudiated the “second revolution” but in doing so had used methods which only underlined the radical and revolutionary character of the regime he had established. Hitler celebrated his victory at the 1934, a spectacle immortalized in ’s Triumph des Willens (1935; Triumph of the Will). Germany: the role of women in the Third Reich Overview of the role of women in Nazi Germany. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz The concordat which the had signed with the new German government on July 20, 1933, did not protect the Catholic in Germany from constant interference and persecution by the Nazi authorities. The refusal of German Protestants to accept the authority of the Nazi-sponsored German Christian movement led to an equally bitter conflict between the Protestant churches and the state.

This led to the arrest and persecution of many Protestant pastors, including (July 1937). Germany: exclusion of the Jews Overview of the discrimination and exclusion of Jews in Germany following Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz After Kristallnacht, the greater part of all Jewish property was confiscated, and the surviving Jews were effectively erased from public life in Germany. Vernichtung (“annihilation”) of the Jews became the ultimate goal of the Nazis’ anti-Semitic ideology.

After the outbreak of war, Jews in occupied areas were confined to or systematically killed. Mass shootings by units gave way to the industrialized murder of millions in.

The Nazi regime killed victims from several other groups—,,, Poles, and political opponents were chief among them—but the “” remained paramount in the eyes of the Third Reich. Altogether, in German-occupied Europe, out of a prewar population of about 8.3 million Jews, 6 million were killed or died in extermination camps of starvation or disease. Buchenwald camp prisoners Prisoners of Buchenwald concentration camp, near Weimar, Germany, April 16, 1945, days after the camp was liberated by American troops. Author Elie Wiesel is seventh from the left on the middle bunk, next to a vertical post. National Archives, Washington, D.C. Rearmament By an extensive program of expenditure on public works—afforestation, land improvement, road building—the Nazi government succeeded in reducing the number of registered unemployed from more than 6 million in January 1933 to about 2.6 million in December 1934. From 1935 onward rearmament on a massive scale rapidly changed the problem from one of mass unemployment to one of an labour shortage.